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745Le 19 mai, le président Barack Obama doit donner un discours solennel au très fameux Morehouse College, en Alabama. Morehouse est le plus prestigieux établissement du réseau HBCU (Historically Black College and Universities), établi à partir du début du XXème siècle pour l’éducation des Africains Américains, au temps où régnait aux USA la ségrégation raciale leur interdisant l’accès aux établissements scolaires et universitaire du réseau existant. (On compte de nombreux élèves fameux à Morehouse, par exemple Martin Luther King et Spike Lee.) Par conséquent, et selon une approche théorique libérale, multiculturelle et multiraciale, le discours à Morehouse du premier président africain américain devrait être l’occasion d’une célébration d’un progrès considérable dont lui-même est nécessairement le symbole. Il semble que cela n’est pas du tout évident.
A la place de “célébration”, mettez aussitôt “polémique”. Elle s’est développée aux USA, surtout chez les élites africaines américaines, alors que grandit le sentiment que le premier président africain américain des USA, et son élection par conséquent, ont peut-être fait plus de mal que de bien à sa communauté, – en faisant croire à un progrès de cette communauté, de ce qui n’était en vérité qu’un bond en avant de l’intégration de cette communauté dans le Système, avec toutes ses pressions déstructurantes, dissolvantes, etc. «So, why are we so loyal to a president who is not loyal to us?», interroge Gary Younge, chroniqueur africain américain du Guardian, ce 6 mai 2013.
L’affaire se développe à la suite d’une prise de position d’un ex-partisan d’Obama, le pasteur de Philadelphie Kevin Johnson, prestigieuse autorité de la communauté africaine américaine, qui vient de publier un article anti-Obama. Johnson devait ouvrir la cérémonie de Morehouse par un grand discours, avant celui d’Obama, – et le voilà rétrogradé à la suite de cet article à une place parmi d’autres dans un débat à trois accompagnant les festivités.
Nous avons toujours pensé que l’élection d’Obama, acclamée par les élites multiculturelles et antiracistes comme une avancée décisive pour leur cause, n’était en fait qu’un “accident politique” du autant à l’infécondité du personnel du Système qu’aux pressions de la crise financière. L’importance symbolique qui a été plaquée sur cet “accident” a donné effectivement une nouvelle dimension à la présidence Obama, mais dans le sens inverse de celui qui était espéré, notamment du point de vue racial. Ayant choisi d’épouser complètement le Système, Obama a donc mené une politique déstructurante et dissolvante qui fait bien plus de mal que de bien à sa communauté, tout en faisant taire les principales critiques et en entretenant la narrative de l’American Dream accomplie pour les blacks US. Tout cela est complètement faussaire, comme Obama lui-même ; les Africains Américains sont plus que jamais les victimes du Système, – d’ailleurs comme les autres communautés puisque décidément nous parlons “communautaire”, chacune à mesure de ses positions et de son importance. Ainsi commence à apparaître la vérité à cet égard, – le triomphe du Système, et Obama en marionnette porteuse de la narrative antiraciste, – et le texte de Younge en est l’illustration.
«...Later this month, Barack Obama will deliver the keynote address at Morehouse's graduation ceremony. Another invited speaker was Morehouse alumnus Kevin Johnson, a prominent Philadelphia pastor. Then Johnson, an ardent Obama supporter during both presidential runs, wrote an article criticising the president for failing to appoint enough black cabinet members and to address the needs of African Americans in general. “Obama has not moved African-American leadership forward but backwards,” he wrote. “We are not in the driver's seat – or even in the car … Why are we so loyal to a president who is not loyal to us?”
»Shortly afterwards his speaker's slot was removed. Instead of addressing the students alone, the day before Obama, he will now be one of a three-person panel curated “to reflect a broader and more inclusive range of viewpoints”. Evidently, whatever they'll be celebrating at this graduation at Morehouse, it won't be critical thinking. And that's a shame. Because that's precisely what black America could do with more of at a time when the quest for greater black representation has been almost completely divorced from improving the material conditions of black people as a whole. [...]
»... But increasingly it feels more like a preference for mythology over meaningful engagement lest the symbolic importance of who Obama is – the first black president – be tainted by a substantial conversation about what he actually does. Yet the longer his presidency goes on, the more urgent those questions become. For Johnson is right on two counts. First, Obama's second-term cabinet will probably have fewer black members than his first and those of either George W Bush or Bill Clinton. Meanwhile, there are the same number of black governors and Congressmen and one less elected senator than in 2008. “For all of the euphoria about the election of Barack Obama in black America, his election has not had coat-tails,” said talk-show host Tavis Smiley.
»Second, African Americans, as a group, are far worse off now than when Obama was elected and the wealth gap between whites and blacks has grown since the recession. Between 2007 and 2010 black families' wealth decreased by 31%; for white families it was 11%. “[The racial wealth gap] was already dismal,” Darrick Hamilton, a New School professor, told the New York Times. “It got even worse.” You can argue about the degree to which the relationship between Obama's presidency and that reality is causal. But you can't contest that it is factual. Obama's meteoric rise has coincided with black America's precipitous economic descent.
»One reason why having that conversation is so difficult is because black people have rarely been more upbeat. They are considerably more optimistic than whites, presumably because the percentage in 2010 who thought black people were better off than they were five years earlier doubled, and a significant proportion think the standard of living gap between whites and blacks is actually narrowing. That optimism appears to be directly related to Obama's presidency. In 2011 African Americans were twice as likely to think race relations had got better as a result of his election than that they had deteriorated while 64% thought they would get “a lot better or a little better” in the years ahead. A third believe his election has been “the most important advance in terms of progress for blacks” in the past century.
»So black Americans feel better even as they fare worse. Unravelling that contradiction demands more and deeper debate, not less. For while Johnson identifies part of the problem, his proposed solution is inadequate. Clinton's diverse cabinet coincided with a sharp increase in the black prison population and the slashing of welfare; Bush's diverse cabinet oversaw hurricane Katrina and the economic slump. Clearly, there is precious little correlation between the presence of black faces in high places and progress in black Americans' lives. One shouldn't dismiss black representation as irrelevant or insist that symbolism is not important. But we shouldn't fetishise them either. For in themselves they are worse than meaningless without a discussion about what that representation is for and what those symbols mean.
»It isn't that black Americans are entitled to special consideration because the president is black. Quite the opposite. They should demand of him what they would and have done of any president – greater equality and social justice. Only more so, because they gave him a greater percentage of their votes than any other group or to any other president. The “talented tenth” is barely worthy of the adjective unless it makes space for these debates or its progress is in some way related to the remaining 90%.
»As Arundhati Roy explained in her essay Do Turkeys Like Thanksgiving, in which she referred to the presidential pardoning of a single turkey during Thanksgiving: “A few carefully bred turkeys … the occasional Colin Powell or Condoleezza Rice … are given absolution and a pass to Frying Pan Park. The remaining millions lose their jobs, are evicted from their homes, have their water and electricity connections cut, and die of Aids. Basically, they're for the pot … who can say that turkeys are against Thanksgiving? They participate in it!”»
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